Quotation and Citation

 1. Always introduce quotations or paraphrased material so that the reader will know that the material is being  drawn from          another source‑‑that it is not yours.

According to Nicholas Capaldi: "It is almost a definition of rationality to say that a man is rational to the extent that he          will tell you under what circumstances he will change his mind" (139).

         Michael Gilbert asserts that there is no point in arguing with someone who refuses to backup his assertions with                      reasons (29).

 2.    Always make sure that all quotations are exact, and that paraphrases are indeed paraphrases and not simply direct                   quotations with one or two words changed.  See your handbook for proper methods of paraphrasing.

 3.    Be sure to integrate phrasal quotations into your sentences properly so that ungrammatical sentences are not                     created.  You may change words in a quotation so that it can be incorporated grammatically into your sentence, but         you should always enclose such changes in brackets. Keep such changes to a minimum.

Source:  Yet, having a grip on logical fundamentals, Aquinas never forgot that there can be no place for                         self-contradiction in any authentic quest for truth.

            Antony Flew directly states the principle of rationality when he says "that there can be no place for self-contradiction in             any authentic quest for truth" (17).

            Speaking of Aquinas' grasp of the fundamental principle of reason, Antony Flew says that "[he] never forgot that there             can be no place for self‑contradiction in any authentic quest for truth” (17).

 4.        Use ellipses (spaced dots) to indicate omissions in quotations so that you do not misquote your source.  Place such             ellipses in brackets.  When integrating a quotation into your sentence, you need not indicate omissions at the beginning             of your quotation.

Source:  A person unaware of advertising's claim on him or her is precisely the one most defenseless against the             adwriter's attack.  Advertisers delight in an audience which believes ads to be harmless nonsense, for such an                          audience is rendered defenseless by its belief that there is no attack taking place. The purpose of classroom study of advertising is to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in  ads. 

            "A person unaware of advertising's claim [. . .] is precisely the one most defenseless against the adwriter's attack. [. . .]   The purpose of classroom study of advertising is to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used  in ads" (Schrank 323).

            Schools should promote study of advertising " to raise the level of awareness about the persuasive techniques used in             ads" (Schrank 323).

 5.        Use a colon to introduce a quotation that is independent from the structure of the main sentence; however, use a              comma after a verb such as says, exclaims, or notes:

            Source:  A distinction has always been drawn between rhetoric that appeals to reason and rhetoric that is directed to             the nonrational side of human nature.

            A current textbook puts it this way:  "A distinction has always been drawn between rhetoric that appeals to reason and             rhetoric that is directed to the nonrational side of human nature" (Cavender and Kahane 87).

            However, Nancy Cavender and Howard Kahane say, “A distinction has always been drawn between rhetoric that             appeals to reason and rhetoric that is directed to the nonrational side of human nature" (87).

 6.        Follow quotations or paraphrased material with parenthetical documentation giving the exact page number of the             source from which material has been taken.  If the name of the author has not been given in the introduction to the             material, the author's last name must also be included in the parenthesis. Do not include the word page, or the                         abbreviation p.See the examples under number 5.

 7.        When you want to quote the words of a person that you find quoted in a source, you should introduce the quotation by             giving the name of the author of the quotation and follow the quotation with parenthetical reference to the source             preceded by qtd. in (quoted in).

            We should remember what Gustave Flaubert said about art and emotion: "One must not always think that feeling is             everything.  Art is nothing without form" (qtd. in Spurgin 244).

 8.        If a quotation is a long one, running over four lines of text, set it off by indenting it two tabs from the left margin,             double‑spacing it, and dropping the quotation marks.                                                             

            In "Reports, Inferences, Judgments," S.I. Hayakawa maintains that most student papers are filled with judgments:

                        A judgment ("He is a fine boy,"  "It was a beautiful service,"  "Baseball is a healthful sport," "She is an awful                         bore") is a conclusion, summing up a large number of previously observed facts.  The reader is probably                         familiar with the fact that students almost always have difficulty in writing themes of the required length because                         their ideas give out after a paragraph or two. The reason for this is that there is little left to be said. When the                         conclusions are carefully excluded, however, and observed facts are given instead, there is never any trouble                         about the length of papers; in fact, they tend to become too long, since inexperienced writers, when told to                         give facts, often give far more than are necessary, because they lack discrimination between the important and                         the trivial. (122)

The Works Cited should always go on a separate page at the end of your paper. Entries start on the margin and are double-spaced throughout.  Second and subsequent lines are indented one tab space.

Works Cited

Capaldi,  Nicholas.  The Art of Deception. 2nd ed. Buffalo:  Prometheus, 1979.

Cavender, Nancy and Howard Kahane. Argument and Persuasion: Text and Readings forWriters.  Belmont, Ca.:                   Wadsworth, 1989.

Flew, Antony. Thinking Straight. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1975.

Gilbert, Michael A. How to Win an Argument.  New York: McGraw‑Hill, 1979.

Hayakawa, S.I. "Reports, Inferences, Judgments."  Language in Thought and Action.  4th ed. New York: Harcourt, 1978.       Rpt. in Spurgin 117‑22.

Schrank, Jeffrey.  "The Language of Advertising Claims." Media and Methods. Rpt. in Spurgin 323‑29.

Spurgin, Sally de Witt.  The Power to Persuade.  2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1989.