ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

I. HUMAN BODY CONTAINS 2 KINDS OF GLANDS:

A.__________________________________

1. Sudoriferous --> secrete products through ducts onto body surface: ___________________

2. Sebaceous --> secrete products through ducts onto body surface: ____________________

3. Digestive --> secrete products through ducts into body cavities ____________________
into extracellular spaces around secretory cells secretions diffuse into ___________________ & are carried by bloodstream

B. _______________________

1. Endocrine glands --> secretions diffuse into ___________ & are carried by bloodstream

II. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ===endocrine glands + organs containing endocrine tissue

A. endocrinology == the science concerned with structure & function of endocrine glands and the diagnosis & treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.
B. Endocrine glands

1. ___________________________(hypophysis)

2.____________________________
3. parathyroids
4. adrenal glands (suprarenals)

5. ______________________
C. Endocrine organs

1. _________________________
2. thymus
3. pancreas
4. ovaries & testes
5. kidneys
6. stomach
7. liver
8. skin
9. heart
10. small intestines
11. placenta

III. TWO SYSTEMS COORDINATE FUNCTIONS OF ALL BODY SYSTEMS = HOMEOSTASIS

A. __________________________________ & ______________________________
B. Mechanism of control:

1. ___________________________________ 1. ______________________________
B. Target Cells:

1. _________________________________ 1. _____________________________

C. Action that results:
1. muscular contraction, glandular secretion 1. changes in metabolic activities

D. Time required for action to occur:

1. ___________________________________1. ______________________________
E. Duration of action:

1. ___________________________________ 1. _____________________________

IV. WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DO?

A. Helps control the internal environment by controlling chemical reactions ==
1. Regulates ________________ in the body & the ________________________ in the body

B. Regulates metabolism == how much ____________________________ is available
C. Reg. contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle & secretion of glands
D. helps body cope with emergencies like


E. Reg. the ________________________________________________

F. Assumes role in ____________________________________ of growth & development
G. Contributes to gamete production, fertilization, maintenance of embryo, fetus & baby (nursing)

V. HOW DOES IT WORK? THROUGH ___________________________

A. Hormones are the ________________________________________

1. Substances secreted by a cell
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Target cells-- hormones bind to large protein or glycoprotein molecules called _________________
1. Receptors -- constantly made & broken down ************
2. Target cell has 2,000 --- 10,000 receptors for a hormone
3. Excess hormone ------> # receptors _____ === _________________________ therefore RESPONSIVENESS ____
4. Deficient hormone ------> # receptors _____ ==== _________________________ therefore target tissue beomes _____________________________

C. HORMONES:LOCAL HORMONES or CIRCULATING HORMONES
1. Local hormones:
a.) Autocrines act on _____________________________________________________

b.) Paracrines act on _____________________________________________________

2. Endocrines: act on ______________________________________________________

VI. CHEMISTRY OF HORMONES - 4 CLASSES: steroids, biogenic amines, peptides & proteins, eicosanoids

A. STEROIDS -- all made from cholesterol; all have RINGS of _____________________
1. Three -- ___ C rings & one ___ C ring with a tail
2. Soluble in LIPID of cell membrane (thus, some can cross the intestinal lining)

B. BIOGENIC AMINES - water soluble, contain ____, have the simplest structure, modified A. A.

C. PEPTIDES & PROTEINS --chains of _________ ; 3 ----> 200 a. a. ; must inject; water soluble;
1. Digestive enzymes can break peptide bonds

D. EICOSANOIDS --
1. Derived from a 20 C fatty acid called arachidonic acid
2. Prostaglandins & leukotriences
3. Local hormones, but also circulating hormones
4. _____________except ___________ produce eicosanoids.

VI. HOW HORMONES ARE TRANSPORTED IN BLOOD

A. Water sol. hormones _____________________________________ in watery plasma
B. Lipid soluble hormones & thyroid hormone molecules attach to _____________________________--
C. 90% of a lipid soluble hormone is bound; the free lipid soluble. molecules diffuse out of capillaries & bind to receptors--then transport proteins release new ones.

VII. HORMONE ACTION--- MECHANISMS:

A. Response depends on hormone & target cell; different cells __________________________
B. Two ways hormones bind to & activate their specific receptors:

1. ____________________________________________
a. bind to & activate an intracellular receptor -- usually in nucleus
b. activated receptor turns on/off specific genes of nuclear DNA ---->


2. ________________________________________________________________________
(catechol amines, peptides, protein hormones, eicosanoids)
a. Alter cell function à activate **plasma membrane receptors -à begin series of events inside cell
1. released from gland
2. circulates in blood
3. reaches target cell & brings messages
4. binds to receptor on membrane ---------> activates a G - protein -------->
5. activates adenylate cyclase
6. catalyzes formation of cAMP from ATP
7. cAMP acts as a _______________________________________
8. cAMP activates one or more enzymes called PROTEIN KINASES

C. AMPLIFICATION OF HORMONE EFFECTS
A. Hormones that bind to receptors induce effects at low concentrations -- WHY?
1. Iinitiate _________________________-- each step multiplies the initial effect--
a. Epinephrine binds
b. Activates 100 G proteins
c. Each G protein activates an adenylate cyclase
d. Each adenylate cyclase produces 100's of cAMP
D. INTERACTIONS -- response depends on **hormone's concentration & # of receptors
1. Permissive effect -action of one hormone requires a 2^nd hormone
2. Synergistic effect _______________________________________
3. Antagonistic effect ______________________________________

IX. CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETIONS

A. Hormones are released in ________________________________________

B. Regulation maintains _______________________________________________

C. _____________________ in production == disorders; target cell can't take hormone == disorders

D. Control :
E. Negative Feedback maintains homeostasis in most cases (+ feedback in childbirth & breastfeeding)

X. ENDOCRINE MALFUNCTION

A. Hyposecretion or hypersecretion
B. Target cells unable to take or utilize the hormone

XI. PITUITARY (master gland) & HYPOTHALAMUS (master of master)

A. Hypothalamus
1. Produces hormones
2. Major regulating center

3. The _______________ between the nervous system & the endocrine system
B. HYPOTHALAMUS --
1. Controls endocrine activity
2. Nerves secret releasing & inhibiting hormones
a. Act on specific cells in pituitary
b. Regulate production & secretion

3. Produces 9 hormones -- oxytocin, **ADH (stored in post. pituitary)

C. PITUITARY GLAND == __________________________________
1. Lies in the
2. Connected to hypophysis by
3. Secrets hormones
4. Controls activities of other glands
5. 2 lobes
6. Posterior lobe - neurosecretory cells secrete:
a. Hormones --> Oxytocin and ADH
7. **Anterior lobe of pituitary
a. Secretes 7 hormones
b. Secretes hormones similar to endorphins & enkephalins === MORPHINE LIKE

C. Secretions controlled by hypothalamus
1. Neurohormones diffuse into capillaries
2. Circulate in blood through portal veins
3. Travel to anterior lobe via hypothalamopituitary portal system

D. Discussion of **hormones, source and function. Refer to chart in book.