CHAPTER 14 BLOOD
I. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
A. Sticky ________________ (a ______________________ tissue); salty taste
B. O2 rich ==scarlet
C. O2 poor == dark red
D. _______________________ than H2O -- ________ X more viscous than water
E. Slightly alkaline == pH _________ - _____________
F. 8% of the body's weight
G. __________ liters in the male
H. __________ liters in female
I. Blood is the ONLY liquid ____________________________
J. Contains both liquid & solid
1. Liquid portion == __________________ == NON-LIVING FLUID CONTAINS
a. Water
b. Amino acids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Lipids
e. Vitamins
f. Hormones
g. Electrolytes ________________
h. Waste
i. Proteins
1.) Albumin ==
a.) SMALLEST PLASMA PROTEIN;
b.) EXERTS_________________________________________________
c.) MAINTAINS ______________________________ between blood & tissues
Ex: starvation == use proteins in intestines for E == swell
2.) GLOBULINS == ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULIN)
a.) Produced by : ______________________________________
b.) ______________________ Transport Fe, fats, & A, D, E, K
3.) FIBRINOGEN � USED IN BLOOD CLOTTING
2. SOLID PORTION OF BLOOD: LIVING CELLS
a. RBC
b. WBC
c. PLATELETS
K. Blood is a connective tissue with no collagen or elastic fibers; it has a fibrous
protein that becomes _______________________________________when blood clots
II. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD: separate with centrifuge Fig. 14.1
A. Formed elements == packed down by centrifugal force == ___________________
1. Makes up _________ == HEMATOCRIT � HCT (erythrocytes)
B. Plasma == ____________ (liquid)
C. Buffy coat == _________ (WBC)
III. ERYTHROCYTES == RBC Fig. 14.4
A. Made from hematopoietic stem cells: hemocytoblasts
B. ______________________________________ == process by which blood cells
are formed; Where? In red bone marrow in :
1. Proximal epiphysis of humerus & femur; flat bones; sternum, ribs, cranial
bones, vertebrae, and pelvis
2. Why? Production is in response to hormones:
a. ______________________________ == hormone made by
kidneys & liver = ____
3. _____________________________________ == ________________________
4____________________________________ == local hormones == ____ in #
of blood cells
C. RBC have a _________________________________________ while in the
marrow.
D. Adult RBC loses ____________________________Thus, RBCs do not _______________________________
E. Biconcave disk == _________________________; indention allows diffusion
F. 1/3 of RBC == __________________________________;
Transports O2, CO2, & gives color
G. RBC ==
1/3 hemoglobin + H2O, Electrolytes, Enzymes
Oxyhemoglobin (O2), deoxyhemoglobin (CO2) or carbamino-hemoglobin
H. RBC have ______________________________; can't send message to ribosome to make protein.
I. When ENZYMES (proteins) wear out -à
less active -à
less active à
DEATH
1. RBC LIVES ONLY __________________________
2. Advantage: no nucleus, can squeeze through capillaries
J. NO MITOCHONDRIA ("E" factory); RBC don't use the O2 that they carry, make "E" anaerobically
K. FLEXIBILITY � due to fibrous protein ___________________________________
Allows RBC to stack up when blood flow is slow == ROULEAUX FORMATION
(rooo-low)
L. RBC die in 120 days ----à
macrophages (big eaters) phagocytize RBC in LIVER
L. HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE: RECYCLED Fig. 14.5
1. 4 ring like heme groups each with 1 atom of Fe in middle
2. Globin: 4 polypeptide chains; each chain bound to 1 heme pig. (non protein)
DRAW:
IV. FORMATION & DESTRUCTION OF RBCFig. 14.3, Fig. 14.6, & Fig. 14.7
A. Erytropoiesis == production of RBC in embryo == yolk sac, liver, spleen
B. Production of RBC in ADULT == red bone marrow in epiphysis of long bones,
C. Flat bones: sternum, ribs, cranial bones, vertebrae, pelvis
1. HEMOCYTOBLAST --------------à
PROERYTROBLAST
2. PROERYTHROBLAST ---------à
ERYTHROBLASTS (make hemoglobin)
3. DAUGHTER CELLS :
4. nucleus shrinks, is ejected == NO NUCLEUS (RETICULOCYTE)
5. LEAVES BONE MARROW, SQUEEZES BETWEEN CELLS OF CAPILLARY WALL
6. 1-2 DAYS LATER, DEVELOP INTO RBC
7. RATE OF PRODUCTION ==== RATE OF DESTRUCTION
8. Negative feedback using: ERYTHROPOIETIN (from kidneys)
a. LOW O2 ------------à
KIDNEY--------> Erythropoietin
b. Males have higher RBC counts (male sex hormone, testosterone, enhances erythropoietin)
D. Dietary Requirements for ERYTHROPOIESIS
1. Protein
2. Lipids
3. Carbohydrates
4. ___________________________________
5. B complex
6. _____________________________ (meat, milk, eggs, cheese, fish) & _______________________________________(green leafy, whole grains)
a. Both are NEEDED TO MAKE DNA
7. Pernicious anemia � can't ___________________________; Physiologic jaundice
after birth, yellow skin & eyes from bilirubin in tissues. Why? Immature liver
can't excrete bilirubin into bile.
Treatment == fluorescent light + bowel movements == decrease in bilirubin
E. Breakdown of RBC Fig. 14.7
1. Occurs in liver, spleen or red marrow through action of _______________
2. Steps: ______ -à
________ ---à
Amino Acids -----à
Protein
-----à
______________ ----à
Iron (what happens to iron?)
-------------à
Biliverdin ---à
Bilirubin
small intestines
urine ß
-------------------- urobilin (yellow) ß
-----------------
stercobilin(brown
3. Check your text for the function of each of the formed elements
in blood. Use the chart in the book, the charts in lab, & the information in your lab manual. You should know the description & function of each of the formed elements. Which is the most numerous in a normal healthy human, a child with severe allergies, an individual with a chronic infection, a person with an acute bacterial infection and an individual with a parasitic infectionl. Make a chart of the formed elements in blood. Draw each type from memory.
Figures 14.3 and 14.8, .9, .10, .11, .12, .13 These are important diagrams. Take the time to study slides of blood in lab and on the web.
V. ______________________________________: stoppage of bleeding Figure 14.17
A. Steps
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________ formation
3. Blood ______________________________________
B. Vessel is cut:
1. Smooth muscle in walls are stimulated to contract -----à blood loss _________ spasm:
a. direct stimulation ----à
lasts a long time
b. reflexes from pain receptors in injured tissue --à
lasts few minutes
2. Platelet plug forms -----à
platelets release serotonin -----à
causes ______
3. _____________________________________________
C. Platelet plug: Figure 14.7
Platelets touches vessel wall, collagen fibers, & each other --à send out processes from membrane
------à
__________________________________________
D. Coagulation: blood clot forms:
VI. METHODS BY WHICH BLOOD CLOTS: Figure 14.9
A. ___________________________________________
1. Occurs in _____________________________________
2. Triggered by _________________________ from broken vessels or
damaged tissues
3. Few steps, occur in a few seconds
4. Initiated by tissues _____________________________ blood itself
5. Tissue __________________ leaks into blood from cells outside vessel
B. _______________________________________________
1. Occurs ______________________________ (several minutes)
2. Stimulated by blood _________________ with ________________________ surfaces
3. ____________________________________- damage
4 . Initiated by substance within blood itself when damaged ____________________________
come in contact with collagen, bacteria, or rough sides of test tube.
C. BLOOD ALWAYS CONTAINS COAGULANTS & ANTICOAGULANTS;
_______________________________ ARE MORE DOMINANT UNTIL INJURY.
D. The main component of blood clot formation:
FIBRINOGEN (SOLUBLE PLASMA PROTEIN MADE IN LIVER) ----à Insoluble _________
E. What happens to clots?
1. As soon as a clot forms, it begins to retract due to platelet activity
2. Processes in platelets _________________ to fibrin strands in clot
3. Processes ___________________________
4. Clot gets smaller
5. Edges of vessel pulled together
F. Clot contracts and serum is squeezed out.
(serum = plasma-fibrinogen & clotting factors)
Fibroblasts invade and make fibrous tissue through the clot
A seal forms.
Tissues around the clot activate and produce profibrinolysn.
Fibrinolysin forms and digests fibrin threads. Clot dissolves.
G. ABO Blood Group Figure 14.21
H. Rh factor Figure 14.23
I. Terms: What are nonprotein nitrogenous stubstances? What is BUN? What is diapedsis?
Helpful Activities to do after you finish reading this chapter
1. Crossword puzzle on Blood vocabulary
2. Check out the following web site: