CHAPTER 22 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
I. Reproductive system functions to
A. Produce sex ____________________________
B. Produce sex ____________________________
C. Maintain sex ___________________________
II. Male reproductive system Fig. 22.1a & 22.1b
A. Structures
1 .__________________________________________
2 .__________________________________________
B. Functions
1. Produces & maintains sperm cells
2. Transports sperm cells
3. Produces male sex hormones
C. Testes Fig. 22.2 & Fig. 22.3
1. Originate: ________________ parietal peritoneum near level of developing kidneys
2. ________________________________________
a. Guides descent of testes into lower abdominal cavity, through inguinal canal
b. Undescended testes: do not produce sperm (abdominal temp too _________)
3. Structure of testes
a. Lobules separated by ________________________________ tissue
b. Filled with _______________________________________________ tubules
c. _______________________________________________________
1.) In seminiferous tubules
2.) Produce sperm cells
d. ______________________________________ cells
1.) Occur between seminiferous tubules
2.) Produce male ________________ hormones
D. Formation of sperm cells = spermatogenesis Fig. 22.5
1. Epithelium lining seminiferous tubules made of supporting cells & spermatogenic cells
a. Supporting cells:
1.). ________________________________________
2.) ________________________________________
3.) __________________________________________ spermatogenic cells
b. Supporting cells known as ______________________________________
2. Spermatogenic cells- 46 chromosomes (undifferentiated) = spermatogonia
a. Sperm -contain � # chromosomes - 23 = _________________________
b. During embryonic deveopment, hormones stimulate spermatogonia
1.) Divide
2.) Produce new spermatogonia + primary spermatocytes
3.) Sperm production stops until ________________________
c. Puberty
.1) Testoterone increases
2.) Primary spermatocytes reproduce by meiosis _______________________
3. Structure of sperm cell �Fig. 22.10
a. Head contains _______ chromosomes
b. Body contains many _______________________________
c.Tail functions to ___________________________________
d. Acrosome contains _________________________ for penetration of ______.
e.Sperm are ______________________________ in testis & epididymis
E. Male Internal Accessory Organs Fig. 22.1b
1. __________________________________________
2. Tightly coiled tube on ______________________________ of testis
3. Leads into _________________________
4.____________________ & ___________________________ immature sperm
cells; promotes maturation of sperm
F. ___________________________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________________
a. forming part of spermatic cord
2. Passes through inguinal canal to abdominal cavity then medially into pelvic cavity
3. Ends behind urinary bladder
4. Fuses with duct from ____________________________________________ to form ejaculatory duct
G. Seminal vesicle Fig. 22.1a
1. _________________________________ structure
2. Attached to vas deferens
3.Secretes ___________________________________ fluid of nutrients & prostaglandins
a. Nutrients = _______________________________________
b. Prostaglandins = ___________________________________
4. Secretions of seminal vesical are added to sperm cells during __________________
H. Prostate gland (size ____________________) Fig. 22.1b
1. Surrounds urethra ____________________________________ urinary bladder
2. Secretes thin, milky fluid (smooth muscle contraction)
3. ___________________________________ semen & vaginal secretions
4. Enhances sperm motility (semen was acidic from metabolic wastes produced during storage)
I. Bulbourethral glands
1. Two small glands _______________________________ prostate
2. Secrete _______________________________ fluid
3. Serves as __________________________ for penis during intercourse
J. Semen
1. Sperm cells + secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands
2. Slightly alkaline, nutrients (fructose) & protaglandins (muscle contraction in female)
K. Male External Reproductive Organs
1. Scrotum
2. ___________________________ of skin & SubQ enclosing the testes
3. ____________________________________________ muscle in scrotal wall
a. Causes skin of scrotum to be held close to testes or hang loosely
L. Penis Fig. 22.15
1. Conveys urine & semen
2. Specialized: becomes _________________________ for insertion into vagina
3. Body
a. Three columns of ___________________________________ surrounded by connective tissue
4. Root: attached to pelvic arch & membranes of perineum.
M. Erection, organsm, ejaculation Fig. 22.16 & Fig. 22.17
1. Erection: arteries ___________________________________
2. __________________________________ compress = vascular spaces in erectile tissue become engorged with blood
3. Orgasm: emission of semen & ejaculation
a. Smooth muscle in walls of tubular structures contract (reflex)
b. Parasympathetic = erection
c. Sympathetic = ejaculation
N. Hormonal Control Fig. 22.18
1. ______________________________________________ GnRH
a. (___________________________________________________)
1.) Stim. anterior pituitary to produce gonadotropins
2. __________________________________________________: spermatogenesis
3._______________ (ICSH -_______________________________________)
a. Interstitial cells produce male sex hormones
4. ____________________________________ prevents oversecretion of FSH
O. Male sex hormones == ______________________________________
1. Production increases at puberty
2. Almost no testosterone produced in male from a few weeks after birth to 13-15
3. Most of the androgens produced by the interstitial cells; some by adrenals.
4. _________________________________________ **** most important androgen
a. Stimulates __________________________________ of male reprod. organs
b. Causes testes to _________________
5. Development & maintenance of male __________________________ sexual characteristics
a. Regulation: by ______________________________________- feedback
b. Testosterone conc. incr., hypothalamus inhibited. ant. pituitary secretion of gonadotropins decreases
c. Testosterone conc. decr., hypothalamus stimulated, ant. pituitary secretion of gonadotropins increases
d. Conc remains stable day to day
III. Femalereproductivesystem Fig. 22.19a & Fig. 22.19b
A. Function
1. Produce female sex cells
2. Produce hormones
B. Ovaries Fig. 22.20
1. Descend from behind ____________________________ peritoneum near developing kidneys
2. Attached to pelvic wall _______________________________ pelvic brim
3. Held in place by ____________________________________Fig. 22.27
a. Broad ligament
b. Suspensory ligament
c. Ovarian ligament
4. Divided into:
a. Inner medulla
1.) Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves
b. Outer cortex
1.) Ovarian follicles, covered by cuboidal epithelium
5. During development, groups of cells in the ovarian cortex form millions of
primordial follicles, each containing a ____________. The primary oocyte begins to develop, but the process stops & does not continue until puberty. The number of oocytes declines throughout the life of a female. At puberty, some oocytes continue development & produce a secondary ooctye (with � the number of chromosomes).The secondary oocytes can be fertilized to produce a zygote.
C. Mature of the follicle Fig. 22.26
1.Puberty
a.________________ begins maturation of follicles:
b. Oocyte enlarges
c. Follicular cells proliferate
d. Fluid-filled cavity appears
e. Produces a ____________________
f. Ovarian cells surrounding follicle form __________________ layers
g. Only one follicle reaches full development
2. Ovulation
a.______________________________ of oocyte from ovary: follicle ruptures
b. Oocyte is drawn into ___________________________ of uterine tube
D. Female internal accessory organs
1.Uterine tubes
a. Convey ___________________________________ toward uterus
b. Egg cell moves into tube's opening
1.)_________________________________ cells lining opening
2.)______________________________________ contractions in wall of tube
2. Uterus
a. Receives ________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________
c. Vagina: partially encloses cervix
d. Uterine wall: made of endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
3. Vagina Fig. 22.27
a. Connects uterus to ________________________________________
b. Receives erect penis, conveys uterine secretions to outside, transports fetus during birth
c. Vaginal orifice: partially closed by thin membrane: _________________
d. Wall: made of mucosa, muscularis, outer fibrous coat
E. Female external reproductive organs Fig. 22.1a
1.______________________________________
a. Rounded folds of adipose tissue & skin
b. Protect other external reproductive organs
c. Correspond to scrotum of male
d. Upper ends form rounded elevation over symphysis pubis
2.____________________________________
a. Flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora
b. contain many blood vessels
3.____________________________________
a. Small projection at anterior end of vulva
b. Corresponds to male penis
c. Two columns of erectile tissue
d. Root attached to sides of pubic arch.
4. __________________________________________
a. Space between labia majora
b. Vestibular glands secrete mucus into vestibule during sexual stilmulation
1.)Vestibular glands (Bartholin's gland) correspond to bulbourethral glands
2.) Lie on each side of vaginal opening
c. Vestibular bulbs
1.) Beneath mucosa of vestibule
2.) Extend forward from vaginal opening to clitoris
F. Erection, lubrication, orgasm Fig. 22.31
1. Erectile tissue of clitoris and vaginal entrance become engorged with blood & swollen
2. Vestibular glands secrete mucus into vestibule & vagina
3. Muscles of _________________________________, walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract rhythmically (helps to transport sperm)
G. Hormonal control
1.____________________________________________
2. Anterior _______________________________________ gland
3._____________________________________________
4.Controls sex cell maturation, development & maintenance of female ________
sexual characteristics
H. Female sex hormone Fig.22.32 and Table 22.3
1.Ten years: ________________________________________________secretion increases
2.________________________________________________________________
development & maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics
3._______________________________________________: causes changes in the uterus
I. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE **** Fig. 22.33 ******
1. Anterior pitutitary
2. LH
3. FSH
4. Follicular cells
5. Follicular phase
6. Ovulation
7. Luteal phase � corpus luteum
8. Corpus albicans
9. Estrogen
10. Progesterone
11. Menstruation
12. Proliferative phase
13. Secretory phase
14. Refer to ovarian chart in book; learn cycle; learn hormones involved and their functions
J. Menopause:
1. Low _______________________
2. continued secretion of __________ &_____________
3. FSH
4. Ovaries
5.Cycle stops
6. Reproductive organs undergo regressive changes.
K. Terms
1. Ectopic pregnancy
2. Endometriosis
L. Great web sites: