CELLULAR METABOLISM - CHAPTER 4
I. Metabolic Processes
A. Metabolism:________________________________________________
B. Controlled by:_________________________________________
C. Two types:
1. Larger molecules made from smaller ones:________________
a.)_________________________ energy
b.) Examples:
2.Larger molecules broken down into smaller ones:____________
a.) __________________________ energy
b.) Examples:
D. Anabolism:provides all substances needed for cellular growth and repair.
1. Occurs by dehydration synthesis (Fig. 4.1; Fig. 4.2; Fig. 4.3)
2. In each example in the above figures, what is removed and what is produced?
How are the parts of the larger molecule joined together?
3. Write an example of dehydration synthesis from memory.
Write the water molecule in blue; join the parts of the larger molecule with a red oxygen atom.
E. Catabolism:the physiological processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones.
1. Occurs by hydrolysis: can decompose carbohydrates, lipids, &
proteins.
Water molecules are used to split the substances into 2 parts.
Figure 4.1; fig. 4.2; Fig. 4.3
2. In each example in the above figures, what is added and what is the result of this addition?
3. Write an example of hydrolysis from memory. Write the water molecule on the right side of equation in blue; put a box around the parts of the water molecule
F. Both catabolism and anabolism require special catalysts known as_______________________.
II. Enzymes (Fig. 4.4)
A. Catalysts (ase)
B. G___________________________ proteins
C. Speed metabolic reactions (X 1 million)
D. Needed in _______________ amounts
E. Not used up in the reaction: used over and over
F. Specific: depends on the shape of the enzyme molecule; shape of enzyme must fit shape of substrate
G. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions: active sites on the substrate temporarily
combine with part of the substrate � forms an enzyme-substrate complex
1. Interaction strains chemical bonds in substrate making chemical rxn
likely to occur
2. Enzyme is then released in original form; binds again and again
H. Speed of rxn depends on concentration of enzyme and conc. of substrate
I. Enzymes are temperature specific (can be denatured)
J. Enzymes are pH specific (can be denatured)
K. Enzymes are sensitive to electricity, radiation (can be denatured)
L. Induced fit model
M. Cofactors/Coenzymes
1. Nonprotein component
2. Cofactor: ion of an element
3. Coenzyme: small organic molecule (often contain vitamin molecules)
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